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A1C A1C is a blood test used to screen people to find out whether they have diabetes or prediabetes.		AAA Repair Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair is a procedure used to treat an aneurysm (abnormal enlargement) of the abdominal aorta, which may be performed surgically through an open incision or in a minimally-invasive procedure called endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR).
AApolipoprotein B This test measures the amount of a certain type of cholesterol in your blood. The test helps your doctor figure out your risk for cardiovascular disease, a disease affecting your heart and blood vessels.		AAT deficiency This test checks to see if a liver disorder or lung disease is caused by a genetic disorder call alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
Abdominal Aneurysm, Open Repair Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair is a procedure used to treat an aneurysm (abnormal enlargement) of the abdominal aorta, which may be performed surgically through an open incision or in a minimally-invasive procedure called endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR).		Abdominal Aneurysmectomy Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair is a procedure used to treat an aneurysm (abnormal enlargement) of the abdominal aorta, which may be performed surgically through an open incision or in a minimally-invasive procedure called endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR).
Abdominal Angiogram An abdominal angiogram, also called an abdominal arteriogram, is an x-ray image of the blood vessels used to evaluate various vascular conditions within the abdomen.		Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Detailed information on abdominal aortic aneurysms, including description of abdominal aortic aneurysm, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and full-color anatomical and procedure illustrations
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair is a procedure used to treat an aneurysm (abnormal enlargement) of the abdominal aorta, which may be performed surgically through an open incision or in a minimally-invasive procedure called endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR).		Abdominal Arteriogram An abdominal angiogram, also called an abdominal arteriogram, is an x-ray image of the blood vessels used to evaluate various vascular conditions within the abdomen.
Abdominal Arteriography An abdominal angiogram, also called an abdominal arteriogram, is an x-ray image of the blood vessels used to evaluate various vascular conditions within the abdomen.		Abdominal CT Scan A CT/CAT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, organs, and blood vessels. CT/CAT scans are more detailed than standard x-rays and are used to assess the organs and tissues for for injuries, abnormalities, or disease.
Abdominal Echography Abdominal ultrasound is a procedure that uses sound wave technology to assess the organs, structures, and blood flow inside the abdomen.		Abdominal Sonography Abdominal ultrasound is a procedure that uses sound wave technology to assess the organs, structures, and blood flow inside the abdomen.
Abdominal Ultrasonography Abdominal ultrasound is a procedure that uses sound wave technology to assess the organs, structures, and blood flow inside the abdomen.		Abdominal Ultrasound Abdominal ultrasound is a procedure that uses sound wave technology to assess the organs, structures, and blood flow inside the abdomen.
Abdominal X-ray Abdominal X-rays are used to diagnose internal injuries or abnormalities of the bones and organs.		Abdominal X-rays Abdominal X-rays are used to diagnose internal injuries or abnormalities of the bones and organs.
Abdominoplasty In a tummy tuck procedure, excess fat and skin are surgically removed from the middle and lower abdomen, and the muscles of the abdomen wall are tightened.		ABG An arterial blood gas analysis measures the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood to see how well your lungs are working.
About Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Diseases Arthritis, itself a group of more than 100 different diseases, is one category of rheumatic diseases.		About Breast Cancer in Men Breast cancer in men is rare—less than 1 percent of all breast carcinomas occur in men.
About Cancer Detailed information on cancer in children, including causes, diagnosis, treatment, and coping		About Clinical Trials: Information from the National Cancer Institute Clinical trials are studies, managed by government agencies, educational institutions, private not-for-profit organizations, or commercial businesses, to develop, produce, and evaluate the effectiveness of new treatments and therapies for diseases.
About Pediatric Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Diseases Detailed information on pediatric arthritis and other rheumatic diseases, including causes, symptoms, and members of the treatment team		About Tamoxifen Tamoxifen has been used to treat both advanced and early stage breast cancer. More recently, tamoxifen is being used as an additional therapy following primary treatment for early stage breast cancer.
About Taxol Taxol, or paclitaxel, is a drug used for treating certain women who have advanced breast or ovarian cancer. Paclitaxel is a compound that is extracted from the bark of the Pacific yew tree.		Above-Knee Amputation Amputation is the surgical removal of a leg or arm, or a part of one - such as a toe, finger, foot, or hand - usually as a result of injury, disease, or infection.
Abrasions An abrasion is a superficial rub or wearing off of the skin, usually caused by a scrape or a "brush burn." Abrasions are usually minor injuries that can be treated at home.		Acetaminophen Drug Level The acetaminophen drug level is a blood test used to screen for the presence of the common pain reliever acetaminophen.
Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody (Blood) This test measures the concentration of an antibody in your blood that may mean you have the autoimmune disease myasthenia gravis.		Achalasia Achalasia is a disease that makes it hard to eat and drink normally. It affects your esophagus, which is the swallowing tube that connects the back of your throat to your stomach.
Achilles Tendon Injuries Your Achilles tendon withstands a lot of stress and pressure during everyday activities, as well as during athletic and recreational play.		Achondroplasia Detailed information on achondroplasia, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
AChR This test measures the concentration of an antibody in your blood that may mean you have the autoimmune disease myasthenia gravis.		Acid-fast bacillus smear and culture This test is done to find out if you have tuberculosis. Your doctor might order this test if you have a lung infection or symptoms of TB.
Acid-Fast Bacteria Culture This test is done to find out if you have tuberculosis. Your doctor might order this test if you have a lung infection or symptoms of TB.		Acid-Fast Bacteria Smear This test looks for a type of bacteria called acid-fast bacillus in your sputum. Tuberculosis is the most common infection from this type of bacteria.
ACL Reconstruction Knee ligament repair is used when a knee ligament is torn and results in instability in the knee.		ACL Repair Knee ligament repair is used when a knee ligament is torn and results in instability in the knee.
ACL Repair/Reconstruction Knee ligament repair is used when a knee ligament is torn and results in instability in the knee.		Acne Scar Removal Detailed information on different techniques for acne scar removal, including dermabrasion, chemical peels, collagen injections, laser resurfacing, punch grafts, and autologous fat transfer
Acoustic Neuroma Acoustic neuroma is a noncancerous tumor that may develop from an overproduction of Schwann cells that press on the hearing and balance nerves in the inner ear.		Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) HIV can be passed to a child when he or she is in the mother's womb or as the infant passes through the birth canal. The virus has also been detected in breast milk.
Acromegaly Detailed information on acromegaly, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment		Actinic Keratosis (A Precancerous Condition) Detailed information on actinic keratosis, including causes and treatment
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Clotting Time This test clocks the amount of time it takes for your blood to form a clot. You may need this test if your doctor suspects that you have a bleeding disorder.		Activated partial thromboplastin time This test is used to help diagnose bleeding problems and clotting disorders. It's often done before surgery to find out if you're at risk for uncontrolled bleeding.
Acupuncture Acupuncture is the practice of puncturing the skin with needles at certain anatomical points in the body to relieve specific symptoms associated with many diseases.		Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy Acute fatty liver of pregnancy is a rare, but serious, condition of pregnancy in which there is an excessive accumulation of fat in the liver or liver cells.
Acute Liver Failure Acute liver failure is a rare condition that happens when your liver suddenly begins to lose its ability to function. This is frequently the immediate result of an overdose of medication or poisoning.		Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Detailed information on acute myelogenous leukemia, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
Acute Spinal Cord Injury Many types of trauma can cause an acute spinal cord injury. The more common types occur when the area of the spine or neck is bent or compressed.		Acute Spinal Cord Injury in Children Many types of trauma can cause an acute spinal cord injury. The more common types occur when the area of the spine or neck is bent or compressed.
Adenovirus Infections Detailed information on adenovirus infections, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention		Adjustable Gastric Banding Gastric stapling (restrictive) surgery is a type of bariatric surgery (weight loss surgery) procedure in which surgical staples are used to divide the stomach into two smaller sections, strictly limiting the amount of food a person can eat.
Adjustment Disorders Adjustment disorders are quite common in children and teens. They are characterized by an excessive reaction to stress.		Adolescent Nutrition Encourage your teen to eat three balanced meals a day, with fruits or vegetables as snacks.
Adolescent Problems of the Teeth and Mouth Detailed information on adolescent problems of the teeth and mouth		Adult Lead (Blood) This test measures the levels of lead in your blood. You may be exposed to lead on your job or through lead-based paint used in your home.
Advanced Breast Biopsy Instrument (ABBI) A breast biopsy is a procedure in which samples of breast tissue are removed with a special biopsy needle or during surgery to determine if cancer or other abnormal cells are present.		Advances in Therapeutic Radiology One newer therapy combines radiation and chemotherapy, because in some cases, radiation may improve the effects of chemotherapy, and vice versa. Another therapy uses external beam radiation during surgery to treat cancerous tumors or certain other forms of cancer.
AFAFP test This test checks a sample of amniotic fluid to confirm a suspected birth defect called an open neural tube defect in your fetus. Spina bifida is an example of a neural tube defect.		AFB smear This test looks for a type of bacteria called acid-fast bacillus in your sputum. Tuberculosis is the most common infection from this type of bacteria.
AFB smear and culture This test is done to find out if you have tuberculosis. Your doctor might order this test if you have a lung infection or symptoms of TB.		AFB smear microscopy This test looks for a type of bacteria called acid-fast bacillus in your sputum. Tuberculosis is the most common infection from this type of bacteria.
AFP This test looks for a protein in your blood that may mean that you have liver cancer or one of several other cancers.		African Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness) Detailed information on African trypanosomiasis, also called African sleeping sickness, including symptoms, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment
After Surgery: Discomforts and Complications Detailed information on postoperative discomforts and potential complications, including shock, hemorrhage, wound infection, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary complications, urinary retention, and reaction to anesthesia		After You Return Detailed information on health considerations after returning home from traveling abroad
Age-Appropriate Speech and Hearing Milestones A hearing problem may be suspected in a child who is not responding to sounds or who is not developing language skills appropriately.		Ag-EIA This test looks at sputum, or the mucus from your lower airways. It finds out whether you have a lung infection caused by a certain organism.
Agglutination test This test looks for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection in your blood.		AHF This test helps find out whether you have hemophilia A or another clotting disorder.
Airflow Assessment Pulmonary function tests measure how well your lungs are functioning and are used to help diagnose certain lung disorders.		Airway Obstruction Detailed information on airway obstruction and children, including choking, suffocation, and strangulation
AKA Amputation is the surgical removal of a leg or arm, or a part of one - such as a toe, finger, foot, or hand - usually as a result of injury, disease, or infection.		Alanine aminotransferase This test measures the amount of a certain enzyme in your blood. High levels are a sign of liver damage.
ALB This test measures the amount of the protein albumin in your blood. The test can help diagnose liver and kidney problems.		Alb, Tbil, Dbil, Alk Phos, ALT, Tot Protein This group of tests measures specific proteins and enzymes in your blood. It can tell how healthy your liver is and help diagnose liver disease or damage.
Albumin (Blood) This test measures the amount of the protein albumin in your blood. The test can help diagnose liver and kidney problems.		Albumin (Urine) This test looks for a protein called albumin in your urine. The test is used to check for kidney damage or disease.
Albumin/globulin ratio This test measures the amount of protein in your blood. It can help your doctor find out if you have liver disease or nephrotic syndrome.		Alcohol and Pregnancy Alcohol consumption by the mother is a leading cause of preventable birth defects in the fetus. In addition, the risk for miscarriage and stillbirth increases with alcohol consumption.
Alcohol Use and People with Diabetes Alcohol can lower blood sugar levels to the point of hypoglycemia. Keep careful track of your blood sugar levels when drinking alcohol, because certain diabetes medications also lower blood glucose levels.		Alcoholic Hepatitis Detailed information on alcoholic hepatitis, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease Detailed information on alcohol induced liver disease, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment		All About Allergy Detailed information on allergy, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
All About Asthma Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory lung disease with recurrent breathing problems.		Allergen: Insect Stings Detailed information on allergic reactions to insect bites and stings
Allergen: Milk Sensitivity Diet Detailed information on milk allergy, a type of food allergy, including milk-free recipes and milk substitutes		Allergens: Animals Household pets, like cats and dogs, are the most common sources of animal allergens.
Allergens: Chemical Sensitivity Detailed information on synthetic and natural substances that cause sensitivity to the skin		Allergens: Food Detailed information on food allergy, including cause, symptoms, and treatment
Allergens: Food Detailed information on food allergy, including food intolerance and food allergy symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment		Allergens: Peanut Sensitivity Diet Detailed information on peanut allergy, a type of food allergy, including potential sources of peanut protein and other sources of peanut and peanut products
Allergens: Poison Ivy/Poison Oak/Poison Sumac Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac can all cause bumps and blisters that itch. Teach your children what these plants look like and how to avoid them.		Allergens: Soy Sensitivity Diet Detailed information on soy allergy, a type of food allergy, including how to read a label for a soy-free diet and other potential sources of soy or soy product
Allergens: Triggers of Allergy Attacks Detailed information on allergy triggers and symptom control		Allergic Rhinitis Pollen, dust mites, mold, and animal dander are the most common causes of allergic rhinitis.
Allergies Detailed information on allergies in children, including information on allergic rhinitis and food allergies		Allergies: Egg Sensitivity Diet Detailed information on egg allergy, a type of food allergy, including egg-free recipes and egg substitutes
Allergy Detailed information on allergy, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment		Allergy and Asthma Statistics More than 22 million Americans have been diagnosed with asthma. Find out other facts and figures on this chronic disease.
Allergy, Diagnosis Detailed information on allergy testing, including blood testing (rast testing) and scratch testing		Alpha Thalassemia Detailed information on alpha thalassemia, including cause, diagnosis, and treatment
Alpha Thalassemia in Children Detailed information on alpha thalassemia, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment		Alpha-1 Antitrypsin This test checks to see if a liver disorder or lung disease is caused by a genetic disorder call alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
Alpha-1-antiprotease deficiency This test checks to see if a liver disorder or lung disease is caused by a genetic disorder call alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.		Alpha-1-antiproteinase inhibitor deficiency This test checks to see if a liver disorder or lung disease is caused by a genetic disorder call alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A-1AT) deficiency This test checks to see if a liver disorder or lung disease is caused by a genetic disorder call alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.		Alpha-Fetoprotein (Amniotic Fluid) This test checks a sample of amniotic fluid to confirm a suspected birth defect called an open neural tube defect in your fetus. Spina bifida is an example of a neural tube defect.
Alpha-Fetoprotein (Blood) If you are pregnant, this test looks for a fetal substance called alpha-fetoprotein in your blood. Higher levels of AFP may mean your fetus has a birth defect.		Alpha-Fetoprotein Tumor Marker (Blood) This test looks for a protein in your blood that may mean that you have liver cancer or one of several other cancers.
ALT This test measures the amount of a certain enzyme in your blood. High levels are a sign of liver damage.		Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, a disorder in which mental functions deteriorate and break down.
AMA This test looks for certain substances in your blood that may mean you have a form of liver disease.		AMA This test checks the level of a certain antibody in your blood that can indicate heart damage. The antibodies show up before symptoms appear.
Ambulatory ECG/EKG Monitoring When symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, low blood pressure, prolonged fatigue, and palpitations continue to occur without a definitive diagnosis obtained with a resting ECG, your physician may request an ECG tracing to be run over a long period of time, using a Holter monitor.		Ambulatory Surgery Detailed information on outpatient surgery
Amebiasis antibody test This test looks for antibodies to a parasite that causes the disease amebiasis. This disease is more common in tropical countries with poor sanitation.		Amenorrhea Amenorrhea is a menstrual condition in which a woman's menstrual periods are absent for more than three monthly cycles. Pregnancy is one possible cause of amenorrhea.
Amenorrhea in Teens Amenorrhea is a menstrual condition in which a woman's menstrual periods are absent for more than three monthly cycles. Pregnancy is one possible cause of amenorrhea.		Ammonia This test checks the amount of ammonia in your blood. Ammonia may build up in your body if you have kidney or liver failure.
Amniocentesis This test is done to see how well your baby is developing inside you.		Amniocentesis Procedure Amniocentesis is a procedure used to obtain a small sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus during pregnancy. The fluid is analyzed to help diagnose certain birth defects.
Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein This test checks a sample of amniotic fluid to confirm a suspected birth defect called an open neural tube defect in your fetus. Spina bifida is an example of a neural tube defect.		Amniotic Fluid Analysis Amniocentesis is a procedure used to obtain a small sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus during pregnancy. The fluid is analyzed to help diagnose certain birth defects.
Amniotic fluid bilirubin optical density This test is done to see how well your baby is developing inside you.		Amniotic Fluid Problems/Hydramnios/Oligohydramnios Too much or too little amniotic fluid around the fetus can cause problems. These include preterm labor, birth defects, and underdeveloped lungs in the fetus.
AMP This test detects the presence of amphetamine in your urine. This drug can show up in your urine long after you've taken it.		Amphetamine blood screen This test measures the amount of a drug called amphetamine in your blood. The test is most commonly used to screen for drug abuse.
Amphetamine Concentrations Screen (Blood) This test measures the amount of a drug called amphetamine in your blood. The test is most commonly used to screen for drug abuse.		Amphetamine Screen (Blood) This test measures the amount of a drug called amphetamine in your blood. The test is most commonly used to screen for drug abuse.
Amphetamine Screen (Urine) This test detects the presence of amphetamine in your urine. This drug can show up in your urine long after you've taken it.		Amputation Procedure Amputation is the surgical removal of a leg or arm, or a part of one - such as a toe, finger, foot, or hand - usually as a result of injury, disease, or infection.
Amylase This test is used to find out whether you have pancreatitis or another pancreas-related disorder.		Amylase (Blood) This test measures the level of the enzyme amylase in your blood. Amylase levels in your blood rise when your pancreas or your salivary glands are inflamed.
Amylase (Urine) This test is used to find out whether you have pancreatitis or another pancreas-related disorder.		Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurological disorder marked by the progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain. It is often referred to as Lou Gehrig’s disease, after a famous baseball player who died from it.
ANA This blood test is done to help your doctor diagnose a type of illness called an autoimmune disease.		Anaerobic Culture This test looks for certain bacteria in a wound or an infection in a fluid sample. These bacteria are called anaerobic because they don’t need oxygen to grow.
Anal Fissures An anal fissure is a small, painful tear in the lining of the anus. Anal fissures may hurt and bleed during or after a bowel movement, but about 90 percent heal without surgery.		Anal Fistula An anal fistula is an abnormal opening in the skin near the anus that leads to the inside of the anal canal in the colon,
Analgesic Nephropathy Detailed information on analgesic nephropathy, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and acute kidney failure		Analysis of Blood Your doctor might order a blood test to find out if you are sick, if your body is responding to an allergy, or if you are at risk for certain health conditions.
Anaphylaxis Detailed information on anaphylaxis, including causes, symptoms, and treatment		Anatomical Pathology Detailed information on several of the different divisions of anatomical pathology, including biopsy, surgical pathology, cytology, and autopsy
Anatomy and Development of the Mouth and Teeth Children's teeth begin developing in the fetus. Good nutrition from the mother during pregnancy is important in the development of the teeth.		Anatomy and Function of the Coronary Arteries Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. There are two main coronary arteries: the right and the left.
Anatomy and Function of the Heart Valves Detailed anatomical description of the heart valves, including simple definitions and a labeled, full-color illustration		Anatomy and Function of the Heart Valves Heart valves prevent the backward flow of blood. They act as one-way inlets of blood on one side of a ventricle and one-way outlets of blood on the other side of a ventricle.
Anatomy and Function of the Heart's Electrical System The heart is a pump made of muscle tissue. Its pumping action is regulated by electrical impulses.		Anatomy of a Joint Joints are the areas where two or more bones meet. Most joints are mobile, allowing the bones to move.
Anatomy of Female Pelvic Area The female pelvic area contains a number of organs and structures: the endometrium, uterus, ovaries, cervix, vagina, and vulva.		Anatomy of Heart's Electrical System An arrhythmia is an abnormal rhythm of the heart that can cause the heart to pump less effectively.
Anatomy of the Bone A typical bone in your body contains three types of tissue—a hard outer tissue, a sponge-like inner tissue, and smooth tissue at the ends.		Anatomy of the Brain The brain is an important organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, respiration, temperature, hunger, and every process that regulates your body.
Anatomy of the Breasts Each breast has 15 to 20 sections (lobes), which are arranged like the petals of a daisy. Each lobe has many smaller lobules, which end in dozens of tiny bulbs that can produce milk.		Anatomy of the Endocrine System The endocrine system includes not only the pancreas—the organ involved in the development of diabetes—but also the pituitary, thyroid, and other glands.
Anatomy of the Eye The structures of the eye include the cornea, iris, pupil, macula, retina, and the optic nerve.		Anatomy of the Hand Each of your hands has three types of bones: phalanges in your fingers; metacarpals in your mid-hand, and carpals in your wrist.
Anatomy of the Prostate Gland The prostate gland is about the size of a walnut and surrounds the neck of a man’s bladder and urethra—the tube that carries urine from the bladder.		Anatomy of the Skin The skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection.
Anatomy of the Urinary System Detailed anatomical description of the urinary system, including simple definitions and labeled, full-color illustrations		Anatomy: Fetus in Utero A thin-walled sac surrounds the fetus during pregnancy. The sac is filled with amniotic fluid, which protects the fetus from injury.
Anemia Detailed information on anemia, including symptoms, diagnosis, causes, types, and treatment		Anemia in Pregnancy Doctor appointments and baby showers aren’t the only things that can tucker you out when you’re pregnant. Anemia is a condition that also can make you feel fatigued. Find out what you need to know to safeguard yourself.
Anemia of B12 Deficiency (Pernicious Anemia) Detailed information on megaloblastic (pernicious) anemia, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment		Anemia of Folate Deficiency Detailed information on anemia of folate deficiency, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
Anemias Detailed information on the different types of anemia, including aplastic anemia, anemia of folate deficiency, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, hemolytic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and sickle cell disease		Anencephaly Anencephaly is a type of neural tube defect present at birth. It affects the formation of the brain and the skull bones that surround the head.
Anesthesia During surgery, you will be given some form of anesthesia—medication administered for the relief of pain and sensation during surgery. The type and dosage of anesthesia is determined by the anesthesiologist.		Aneurysm Detailed information on the dangers of aneurysm, how an aneurysm develops, and aneurysm diagnosis
Aneurysm, Cerebral During endovascular coiling, a catheter is used to insert a small coil into an artery in the brain. The coil constricts the artery, blocking blood flow to an aneurysm.		Angina Pectoris Angina pectoris occurs when the heart muscle doesn't receive enough blood and oxygen for a given level of work.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors Sometimes called antiangiogenic therapy, this treatment may prevent the growth of cancer by blocking the formation of new blood vessels.		Angiogram Detailed information on arteriogram, also called angiogram, including information on how the procedure is performed
Angiogram of the Lungs A pulmonary angiogram is aa procedure that uses a combination of contrast dye and X-rays to examine the blood vessels in the lungs and evaluate blood flow to the lungs.		Angiogram, Abdominal An abdominal angiogram, also called an abdominal arteriogram, is an x-ray image of the blood vessels used to evaluate various vascular conditions within the abdomen.
Angiogram, Cerebral A cerebral arteriogram, also called an angiogram, is an x-ray image of the blood vessels in the brain. It is performed to evaluate various conditions, such as an aneurysm, narrowing of a blood vessel, or blockages.		Angiogram, CT CT angiography is a type of medical exam that combines a CT scan with an injection of a special dye to produce pictures of blood vessels and tissues in a part of your body.
Angiogram, Kidney A renal angiogram, also called an arteriogram, is an x-ray image of the blood vessels of the kidneys.		Angiogram, Magnetic Resonance Magnetic resonance angiography – also called a magnetic resonance angiogram or MRA – is a type of MRI that looks specifically at the body’s blood vessels.
Angiogram, Pulmonary A pulmonary angiogram is aa procedure that uses a combination of contrast dye and X-rays to examine the blood vessels in the lungs and evaluate blood flow to the lungs.		Angiogram, Radionuclide Resting During this procedure, a small amount of radioactive substance is injected into the vein. Its progress through the heart is then traced with a special camera.
Angiogram, Radionuclide Resting and Exercise During this procedure, a small amount of radioactive substance is injected into the vein. Its progress through the heart is then traced with a special camera to evaluate heart function. Doing this during rest and exercise assists the physician in comparing the differences in heart activity.		Angiogram, Renal A renal angiogram, also called an arteriogram, is an x-ray image of the blood vessels of the kidneys.
Angiography Detailed information on arteriogram, also called angiogram, including information on how the procedure is performed		Angioplasty, Carotid, with Stenting Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) may be performed to treat a blockage or narrowing of the carotid arteries, thus improving blood supply to the brain. Carotid artery angioplasty with stenting (CAS) is a procedure currently being used on selected patients who are at high risk for surgery.
Angioplasty, Femoral Artery Femoral popliteal (also called femoropopliteal) bypass surgery is a surgical procedure that may be used to treat severe blockage due to plaque in the femoral artery. The femoral and popliteal arteries are located in the legs.		Angioplasty, Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary, P During percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), a special catheter (long hollow tube) is inserted into coronary arteries that are blocked as a result of coronary artery disease (CAD), restoring arterial blood flow to the heart tissue without open-heart surgery.
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (Blood) This test measures the level of a certain enzyme in your blood. It can help diagnose a condition called sarcoidosis.		Animal Bites Detailed information on animal bites and rabies, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Animals Detailed information on animals as allergens		Anion Gap (Blood) This test looks at electrically charged particles in your blood to help your doctor diagnose acid-base imbalances.
Ankle X-ray This procedure is often used as the first step in diagnosing injuries of the extremities, but may also be used to evaluate other problems involving the bones and/or soft tissues.		Ankylosing Spondylitis Detailed information on ankylosing spondylitis, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
Anorectal Abscess An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus under the skin in the area of the anus and rectum.		Anorectal Malformation An anorectal malformation is a birth defect in which the anus and rectum do not develop properly.
Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa (or simply anorexia) is an eating disorder that causes people to obsess about their weight and food.		Anorexia Nervosa in Children Anorexia nervosa (AN) is eating disorder that is a form of self-starvation. A child or teen with AN has abnormally low body weight, a distorted body image, and an intense fear of gaining weight.
Anoscopy A sigmoidoscopy is a procedure that allows the physician to examine the lower one-third of the large intestine and is helpful in identifying the causes of diarrhea, abdominal pain, constipation, abnormal growths, and bleeding.		Antegrade Enema Cecostomy is a fairly new surgical procedure that is used to clear the bowels of fecal matter. It’s typically used for children with fecal incontinence related to severe disorders.
Antegrade Nephrostogram An antegrade pyelogram is a procedure that uses a combination of contrast dye and X-rays to diagnose obstructions and other problems in the upper urinary tract.		Antegrade Pyelogram An antegrade pyelogram is a procedure that uses a combination of contrast dye and X-rays to diagnose obstructions and other problems in the upper urinary tract.
Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody This test measures the concentration of an antibody in your blood that may mean you have the autoimmune disease myasthenia gravis.		Antibiotics Detailed information on the use of antibiotics and children
Antibodies to liver and kidney microsomes This test looks for a certain type of antibody in your child’s blood. Having this antibody may mean that your child has liver damage caused by a form of hepatitis.		Antibody titer This test looks for antibodies to three diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella.
Antibody to HCV This test determines whether you are infected with the hepatitis C virus, a virus that attacks the liver and can lead to liver disease.		Anti-cardiac muscle antibody This test checks the level of a certain antibody in your blood that can indicate heart damage. The antibodies show up before symptoms appear.
Anticardiolipin This test helps your doctor diagnose clotting disorders and autoimmune diseases. It measures the concentration of antibodies related to a fat molecule in your blood.		Anticardiolipin antibody This test checks for antibodies that may can help diagnose a condition with abnormal blood clots or an autoimmune disease.
Anti-diphtheria test This test measures the level of diphtheria antibodies in your blood. Diphtheria is extremely rare in the U.S., but you may be at risk if you have traveled to an area where the disease is common.		Antidiuretic Hormone This test measures the amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in your blood. ADH regulates your body's balance of water.
Antigen capture-enzyme immunoassay This test looks at sputum, or the mucus from your lower airways. It finds out whether you have a lung infection caused by a certain organism.		Anti-HCV This test determines whether you are infected with the hepatitis C virus, a virus that attacks the liver and can lead to liver disease.
Antihemophilia factor A test This test helps find out whether you have hemophilia A or another clotting disorder.		Anti-human GH antibodies This test looks for growth hormone (GH) antibodies in your blood. These antibodies may mean that your growth treatment may not be working.
Anti-LKM This test looks for a certain type of antibody in your child’s blood. Having this antibody may mean that your child has liver damage caused by a form of hepatitis.		Antimitochondrial Antibody and Antimitochondrial M2 Antibody This test looks for certain substances in your blood that may mean you have a form of liver disease.
Antimitochondrial M2 antibody This test looks for certain substances in your blood that may mean you have a form of liver disease.		Antimyocardial Antibody This test checks the level of a certain antibody in your blood that can indicate heart damage. The antibodies show up before symptoms appear.
Antinuclear Antibody This blood test is done to help your doctor diagnose a type of illness called an autoimmune disease.		Antiphospholipid Antibody This test checks for antibodies that may can help diagnose a condition with abnormal blood clots or an autoimmune disease.
Antiphospholipid Syndrome (aPL) This disease can have serious effects in pregnancy, both for the mother and the baby. These include strokes, blood clots, and recurrent miscarriage.		Antiplatelet antibody test This test looks for platelet antibodies in your blood in order to find out the cause of a low platelet count.
Antithrombin (Activity and Antigen) The antithrombin activity and antigen tests are used to help find out what may be causing abnormal blood clots in your body.		Antitissue Transglutaminase Antibody This test screens for celiac disease and also helps your doctor monitor your condition if you have this disease.
Anxiety Disorders Detailed information on the most common types of anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and phobias		Anxiety Disorders in Children Detailed information on the most common types of anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and phobias
Aortic Stenosis Aortic stenosis affects the amount of blood that can flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. Symptoms vary with the degree of blockage.		Aortic Valve Repair Heart valve repair or replacement surgery is a treatment option when the heart valves become damaged or diseased and do not function properly.
Aortic Valve Repair/Replacement Surgery Heart valve repair or replacement surgery is a treatment option when the heart valves become damaged or diseased and do not function properly.		Aortic Valve Replacement Heart valve repair or replacement surgery is a treatment option when the heart valves become damaged or diseased and do not function properly.
APA This test checks for antibodies that may can help diagnose a condition with abnormal blood clots or an autoimmune disease.		Aphasia Detailed information on aphasia, including cause, diagnosis, types, and treatment
Aplastic Anemia Detailed information on aplastic anemia, including cause, symptom, diagnosis, and treatment		Aplastic Anemia in Children Detailed information on aplastic anemia, including cause, symptom, diagnosis, and treatment
Apnea of Prematurity It’s a cliché that many new parents need to reassure themselves that the baby is still breathing. But what if your baby really is having breathing problems? A breathing condition called apnea of prematurity affects some babies, especially if they’re born early. But you can learn what symptoms to look for.		Apo A-1 This test measures the amount of a protein in your blood related to LDL and HDL cholesterol. It can help predict your risk for heart disease.
ApoB This test measures the amount of a certain type of cholesterol in your blood. The test helps your doctor figure out your risk for cardiovascular disease, a disease affecting your heart and blood vessels.		ApoB100 This test measures the amount of a certain type of cholesterol in your blood. The test helps your doctor figure out your risk for cardiovascular disease, a disease affecting your heart and blood vessels.
Apolipoprotein (B) This test measures the amount of a certain type of cholesterol in your blood. The test helps your doctor figure out your risk for cardiovascular disease, a disease affecting your heart and blood vessels.		Apolipoprotein A This test measures the amount of a protein in your blood related to LDL and HDL cholesterol. It can help predict your risk for heart disease.
Apolipoprotein a-1 This test measures the amount of a protein in your blood related to LDL and HDL cholesterol. It can help predict your risk for heart disease.		Apolipoprotein B100 This test measures the amount of a certain type of cholesterol in your blood. The test helps your doctor figure out your risk for cardiovascular disease, a disease affecting your heart and blood vessels.
Appendectomy A person's appendix is sugically removed if they develop appendicitis - an inflammation of the appendix caused by infection.		Appendectomy, Laparoscopic A person's appendix is sugically removed if they develop appendicitis - an inflammation of the appendix caused by infection.
Appendectomy, Open A person's appendix is sugically removed if they develop appendicitis - an inflammation of the appendix caused by infection.		Appendectomy, Pediatric A pediatric appendectomy is a surgery that's performed to remove a child's appendix. The appendix is a small pouch that's attached to the large intestine on the lower right side of the abdomen.
Appendicitis Detailed information on appendicitis, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment		Appendicitis in Children Detailed information on appendicitis, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
Appendix Removal A person's appendix is sugically removed if they develop appendicitis - an inflammation of the appendix caused by infection.		Appendix Removal, Pediatric A pediatric appendectomy is a surgery that's performed to remove a child's appendix. The appendix is a small pouch that's attached to the large intestine on the lower right side of the abdomen.
Arginine This test measures the level of growth hormone in your blood by stimulating hormone production.		Arginine vasopressin This test measures the amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in your blood. ADH regulates your body's balance of water.
Arm X-ray This procedure is often used as the first step in diagnosing injuries of the extremities, but may also be used to evaluate other problems involving the bones and/or soft tissues.		Arrhythmias An arrhythmia is an abnormal rhythm of the heart that can cause the heart to pump less effectively.
Arrhythmias in Children Detailed information on arrhythmias, including symptoms, types, diagnosis, and treatment		Art, Dance, and Music Detailed information on art therapy, dance therapy, and music therapy as a form of alternative therapy
Arterial blood gas This test measures the level of carbon monoxide in your blood. You may need this test if you have smoke inhalation or symptoms of CO poisoning.		Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) An arterial blood gas analysis measures the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood to see how well your lungs are working.
Arterial Doppler Studies Vascular studies use ultrasound (sound wave) technology to assess the flow of blood in arteries and veins in the arms, legs, and neck.		Arteriogram Detailed information on arteriogram, also called angiogram, including information on how the procedure is performed
Arteriogram, Abdominal An abdominal angiogram, also called an abdominal arteriogram, is an x-ray image of the blood vessels used to evaluate various vascular conditions within the abdomen.		Arteriogram, Cerebral A cerebral arteriogram, also called an angiogram, is an x-ray image of the blood vessels in the brain. It is performed to evaluate various conditions, such as an aneurysm, narrowing of a blood vessel, or blockages.
Arteriogram, Pulmonary A pulmonary angiogram is aa procedure that uses a combination of contrast dye and X-rays to examine the blood vessels in the lungs and evaluate blood flow to the lungs.		Arteriogram, Renal A renal angiogram, also called an arteriogram, is an x-ray image of the blood vessels of the kidneys.
Arteriography Detailed information on arteriogram, also called angiogram, including information on how the procedure is performed		Arteriography, Abdominal An abdominal angiogram, also called an abdominal arteriogram, is an x-ray image of the blood vessels used to evaluate various vascular conditions within the abdomen.
Arthritis Arthritis and other rheumatic diseases are characterized by pain, swelling, and limited movement in joints and connective tissues in the body.		Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Diseases Statistics Rheumatic diseases are the leading cause of disability among people ages 65 and older.
Arthritis Diagnosis Diagnosing arthritis and other rheumatic diseases is often difficult, as many symptoms are similar among the different diseases.		Arthrocentesis Joint aspiration refers to removing fluid from the space around a joint—usually the knee—using a needle and syringe.
Arthrogram Arthrography is a type of X-ray used to examine a joint, such as the knee or hip, when standard X-rays are not adequate.		Arthrography Arthrography is a type of X-ray used to examine a joint, such as the knee or hip, when standard X-rays are not adequate.
Arthrography Arthrography is a type of X-ray used to examine a joint, such as the knee or hip, when standard X-rays are not adequate.		Arthroplasty Arthroplasty is a surgical procedure that restores the function of a joint. A joint can be restored by resurfacing the bones, or by replacing it with an artificial joint.
Arthroplasty, Hip Hip replacement surgery is a procedure in which a damaged hip joint is replaced with an artificial hip joint. It is most commonly recommended as a treatment for severe osteoarthritis or damage due to fracture.		Arthroplasty, Knee Knee replacement surgery is a procedure in which the ends of the bones in the knee are capped with metal and plastic parts. It is most commonly used to treat severe osteoarthritis.
Arthroscopic Examination Orthopedic surgeons use arthroscopy to diagnose and treat joint problems. An arthroscope is a small, tube shaped instrument that is used to look inside a joint.		Arthroscopic Surgery Orthopedic surgeons use arthroscopy to diagnose and treat joint problems. An arthroscope is a small, tube shaped instrument that is used to look inside a joint.
Arthroscopy Orthopedic surgeons use arthroscopy to diagnose and treat joint problems. An arthroscope is a small, tube shaped instrument that is used to look inside a joint.		Arthroscopy Orthopedic surgeons use arthroscopy to diagnose and treat joint problems. An arthroscope is a small, tube shaped instrument that is used to look inside a joint.
Artificial Disk Replacement, Lumbar Spine A lumbar disk replacement is a type of back surgery. It involves replacing a worn or degenerated disk in the lower part of your spine with an artificial replacement made of medical-grade metal or a combination of medical-grade metal and medical-grade plastic.		Artificial Knee Replacement When a knee is severely damaged by disease or injury, an artificial knee replacement may be considered.
ASO titer This test looks for antibodies that your body made when in fighting off group A Streptococcus bacteria. These bacteria cause strep throat.		Aspartate Transaminase This test is used to diagnose liver damage. AST is an enzyme that is found in your blood when your liver or muscles are damaged.
Aspiration, Bone Marrow A bone marrow biopsy involves removing tissue from the red bone marrow to be sent to the lab for microscopic examination.		Assistive Equipment for the Home Assistive equipment includes shower seats and bathtub mats; walkers, canes, and wheelchairs; and telephones for the hearing-impaired.
AST This test is used to diagnose liver damage. AST is an enzyme that is found in your blood when your liver or muscles are damaged.		Asthma Detailed information on asthma, including triggers of an asthma attack, symptoms, diagnosis, management, and treatment
Asthma Attacks Detailed information on asthma attack triggers and avoidance of allergens and other irritants		Asthma Lung Function Measurement Peak flow measurement is a procedure that records the amount of air flowing out of your lungs. Peak flow can be measured with either a spirometer or a peak flow meter.
Asthma Triggers Detailed information on asthma triggers		Asthma: Peak Flow Meter A peak flow meter for asthma is like a thermometer for a fever—it helps you monitor what's going on inside your lungs by measuring airflow out of the lungs.
AT Activity The antithrombin activity and antigen tests are used to help find out what may be causing abnormal blood clots in your body.		Ataxia Ataxia is a symptom—not a disorder. It refers to a failure of muscle control in the arms and legs, resulting in a lack of balance, coordination, and possibly a disturbance in gait.
Ataxia Telangiectasia (A-T) The risk for breast cancer may be increased for women who carry the A-T gene. Ataxia telangiectasia is a rare childhood disease that affects the nervous system and other body systems.		Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis caused by a build-up of plaque in the inner lining of an artery.
Atopic Dermatitis in Children Detailed information on eczema, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment		Atrial Flutter Atrial flutter is a common type of arrhythmia, where your atria beat more quickly than they should. Although usually not life-threatening, the condition makes it difficult for your heart to pump blood efficiently.
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) An atrial septal defect is an opening in the dividing wall between the two upper chambers of the heart known as the right and left atria.		Atrioventricular Canal (AV Canal or AVC) AV canal is a complex heart problem that involves several abnormalities of structures inside the heart.
Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children ADHD is a behavior disorder marked by inattention, impulsivity, and, in some cases, hyperactivity.		Audiology Audiologists address hearing and balance problems in people of all ages. They also help with the fitting and management of hearing aids.
Auditory Brainstorm Evoked Potentials (ABEP) Evoked potential studies may be used to assess hearing or sight, especially in infants and children, to diagnose disorders of the optic nerve, and to detect tumors or other problems affecting the brain and spinal cord.		Augmentation Mammaplasty Breast augmentation is a procedure to reshape the breast in order to make it larger. The procedure can also be performed to reconstruct the breast after breast surgery.
Autism Spectrum Disorder A child with autism appears to live in his or her own world, showing little interest in others and a lack of social awareness.		Autoimmune Diseases Detailed information on autoimmune diseases and pregnancy
Autoimmune Hepatitis Detailed information on autoimmune hepatitis, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment		Autologous fat transfer Detailed information on different techniques for acne scar removal, including dermabrasion, chemical peels, collagen injections, laser resurfacing, punch grafts, and autologous fat transfer
Autopsy Detailed information on autopsy, including who performs the procedure and how an autopsy is performed		Autosomal Dominant: Marfan Syndrome Detailed information on Marfan Syndrome, one type of autosomal dominant condition
Autosomal Recessive: Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay Sachs Disease Detailed information on autosomal recessive inheritance, including cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Tay Sachs disease		Avascular Necrosis Detailed information on avascular necrosis, including causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
Avoiding Eye Injuries Detailed information on eye safety and tips to avoid eye injury		AVP This test measures the amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in your blood. ADH regulates your body's balance of water.
Ayurveda Ayurveda is a system of medicine based on the idea that disease is caused by an imbalance or stress in a person's consciousness.

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